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linux系统下安装软件包的三种方法：
1.rpm工具：下载软件rpm包安装，类似Windows的exe文件
2.yum工具：类似应用商店，相比rpm安装优势在于更方便快捷，会自动安装依赖包
3.源码包：下载源码包到linux系统中，需要编译器编译安装
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rpm工具用法：
rpm包的格式如下图：（zsh为包名，5.0.2为版本号，-31.el7为发布版本号）
[root@localhost Packages]# zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm安装rpm包命令：rpm -ivh 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
准备中... ################################# [100%]
正在升级/安装...
1:zsh-5.0.2-31.el7 ################################# [100%]升级rpm包命令：rpm -Uvh 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm*当系统中有高版本的zsh包的时候，可以使用rpm -Uvh 升级包
卸载rpm包：rpm -e 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh #卸载不需要写包的全名查询系统已安装的rpm包： rpm -qa
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa查询指定的包是否安装：rpm -q 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q zsh #前文安装zsh包后已卸载所以提示未安装
未安装软件包 zsh
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q vim-enhanced #已安装的包会列出包的信息
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-6.el7_6.x86_64查询指定包的详细信息： rpm -qi 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qi vim-enhanced
Name : vim-enhanced
Epoch : 2
Version : 7.4.160
Release : 6.el7_6
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: 2019年08月28日 星期三 11时22分18秒
Group : Applications/Editors
Size : 2296674
License : Vim
Signature : RSA/SHA256, 2019年07月01日 星期一 21时34分29秒, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : vim-7.4.160-6.el7_6.src.rpm
Build Date : 2019年06月28日 星期五 21时59分48秒
Build Host : x86-02.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://www.vim.org/
Summary : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
Description :
VIM (VIsual editor iMproved) is an updated and improved version of the
vi editor. Vi was the first real screen-based editor for UNIX, and is
still very popular. VIM improves on vi by adding new features:
multiple windows, multi-level undo, block highlighting and more. The
vim-enhanced package contains a version of VIM with extra, recently
introduced features like Python and Perl interpreters.
Install the vim-enhanced package if you'd like to use a version of the
VIM editor which includes recently added enhancements like
interpreters for the Python and Perl scripting languages. You'll also
need to install the vim-common package. 列出包的安装文件：rpm -ql 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ql vim-enhanced
/etc/profile.d/vim.csh
/etc/profile.d/vim.sh
/usr/bin/rvim
/usr/bin/vim
/usr/bin/vimdiff
/usr/bin/vimtutor查看文件由什么包安装： rpm -qf 文件绝对路径
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/vimdiff
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-6.el7_6.x86_64yum工具的用法：
yum list ：列出yum仓库中可以安装的rpm包
[root@localhost ~]# yum list*第三列表示仓库名，带@符号表示已安装
查看yum仓库配置文件：
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-Vault.repoyum search 包名：搜索yum仓库中的包
[root@localhost ~]# yum search tomcat
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
=========================================================================== N/S matched: tomcat ===========================================================================
tomcat-admin-webapps.noarch : The host-manager and manager web applications for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-docs-webapp.noarch : The docs web application for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc generated documentation for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-jsp-2.2-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat JSP API implementation classes
tomcat-jsvc.noarch : Apache jsvc wrapper for Apache Tomcat as separate service
tomcat-lib.noarch : Libraries needed to run the Tomcat Web container
tomcat-servlet-3.0-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat Servlet API implementation classes
tomcat-webapps.noarch : The ROOT and examples web applications for Apache Tomcat
tomcatjss.noarch : JSS Connector for Apache Tomcat, a JSSE module for Apache Tomcat that uses JSS
tomcat.noarch : Apache Servlet/JSP Engine, RI for Servlet 3.0/JSP 2.2 API
tomcat-el-2.2-api.noarch : Expression Language v2.2 APIyum list | grep 包名：第二种搜索包的方式，显示信息更简洁
[root@localhost ~]# yum list | grep tomcat
tomcat.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-admin-webapps.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-docs-webapp.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-el-2.2-api.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-javadoc.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-jsp-2.2-api.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-jsvc.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-lib.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-servlet-3.0-api.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcat-webapps.noarch 7.0.76-9.el7_6 updates
tomcatjss.noarch 7.2.1-8.el7_6 updates yum -y install 包名：安装包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install vim-enhancedyum grouplist：列出可以安装的环境分组和拓展组
[root@localhost ~]# yum grouplist
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Available Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Compute Node
Infrastructure Server
File and Print Server
Basic Web Server
Virtualization Host
Server with GUI
GNOME Desktop
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
Compatibility Libraries
Console Internet Tools
Development Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Administration Tools
System Management
Doneyum -y groupinstall 分组名：安装分组 （分组名有多个单词的情况下加单引号）
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y groupinstall 'Basic Web Server'yum -y remove 包名：卸载包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y remove tomcatyum -y update 包名：更新包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y update vim-enhancdeyum provides "/*/命令"：查看命令由什么包安装以及安装路径
*当遇到命令名称与包名不一样的情况时，使用yum list | grep 包名可能找不到具体信息，使用yum provides可以根据命令找到包名以及安装路径，比如：pstree命令，pstree命令的包名为psmisc
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides "/*/pstree"
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
psmisc-22.20-15.el7.x86_64 : Utilities for managing processes on your system
源 ：base
匹配来源：
文件名 ：/usr/bin/pstreeyum搭建本地仓库：
挂载带有centos镜像的光盘：
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/gp/
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载备份yum配置文件：
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /etc/yum.repos.d.bak清空配置文件：
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*新建本地yum仓库配置文件：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/yumck.repo添加以下内容：
[yumck]
name=install yumck #自定义描述字符
baseurl=file:///mnt/gp/ #仓库中rpm包的路径
enable=1 #是否可用，改为0改仓库即变为不可用
gpgcheck=0 #是否检测清除缓存：
[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
正在清理软件源： yumck
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
Other repos take up 197 M of disk space (use --verbose for details)查看本地yum仓库中可安装的包：
[root@localhost ~]# yum list安装测试：
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install zsh
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 zsh.x86_64.0.5.0.2-31.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
===========================================================================================================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
===========================================================================================================================================================================
正在安装:
zsh x86_64 5.0.2-31.el7 yumck 2.4 M
事务概要
===========================================================================================================================================================================
安装 1 软件包
总下载量：2.4 M
安装大小：5.6 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
正在安装 : zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64 1/1
验证中 : zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64 1/1
已安装:
zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-31.el7
完毕！查看已安装的包：
*第三列已显示该包来源于本地yum仓库
[root@localhost ~]# yum list |grep zsh
zsh.x86_64 5.0.2-31.el7 @yumck 更换国内yum源：
*centos默认yum源是国外的，有时候安装软件速度很慢，可以更换网易yum源解决
备份系统自带的yum配置文件：/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bakwget下载对应版本的repo文件：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo或使用curl -O：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# curl -O http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo清除缓存：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all查看更换完成的yum仓库rpm包列表：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list安装拓展yum源：
*当更换的国内yum仓库或系统默认yum仓库包不够时，可以添加yum拓展源（由redhat官方提供的yum拓展仓库，包数量更多）
安装拓展源 epel-release：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install epel-release查看配置文件：
*安装完成后可以看到目录下增加了epel拓展源（epel.repo、epel-testing.repo）配置文件
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS7-Base-163.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo epel.repo
CentOS-Base.repo.bak CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo epel-testing.repo查看yum仓库rpm包列表即可显示新增拓展源的rpm包：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list yum下载rpm包：
*使用yum命令安装软件包时，系统会直接将yum仓库的软件包安装到系统中
yumdownloader 命令：将yum仓库中的rpm包下载到本地不安装
[root@localhost ~]# yumdownloader zsh
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com查看下载好的包：
[root@localhost ~]# ls #该命令会直接把包下载到当前所在目录
mytest zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm - -resolve 参数：自动下载相关依赖包
*加上 - - resolve参数在下载目标rpm包时，会检查包的依赖关系并下载先关依赖包
[root@localhost ~]# yumdownloader --resolve zsh
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 zsh.x86_64.0.5.0.2-31.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm - -destdir 参数：指定下载rpm包的存放目录
*如不指定存放目录，rpm包会存放到当前所在目录
[root@localhost ~]# yumdownloader zsh --destdir /root/mytest/
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com
zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm | 2.4 MB 00:00:00
[root@localhost ~]# ls /root/mytest/
zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm源码包安装：
*以apache2.2为例，源码包存放路径/usr/local/src/，apache2.2安装路径/usr/local/apache
在安装源码包之前先安装gcc编译器：
*gcc是GNU编译器套件（GNU Compiler Collection），它包括了C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran、Java、Ada、Go语言和 D语言的前端，也包括了这些语言的库（如 libstdc++、libgcj等等）。
[root@localhost src]# yum -y install gcc进入指定目录下载apache2.2源码包：
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@localhost src]# wget https://ftp.bit.nl/apache/httpd-2.2.29.tar.gz 解压apache包：
[root@localhost src]# tar -zxvf httpd-2.2.29.tar.gz 进入apache源码包目录执行如下命令：（指定安装目录生成makefile文件）
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache查看上一条命令是否执行成功：（0代表成功，非0代表出错，源码安装要多查看命令执行结果避免出错）
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# echo $?
0编译：
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# make[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# echo $?
0安装：
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# make install[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# echo $?
0安装完成：
[root@localhost httpd-2.2.29]# cd /usr/local/apache/ | ls
ABOUT_APACHE BuildBin.dsp config.log docs httpd.mak LAYOUT Makefile modules.lo README srclib
acinclude.m4 buildconf config.nice emacs-style httpd.spec libhttpd.dep Makefile.in modules.o README.platforms support
Apache.dsw buildmark.o config.status httpd include libhttpd.dsp Makefile.win NOTICE README-win32.txt test
build CHANGES configure httpd.dep INSTALL libhttpd.mak modules NWGNUmakefile ROADMAP VERSIONING
BuildAll.dsp config.layout configure.in httpd.dsp InstallBin.dsp LICENSE modules.c os server