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u'string' 表示 已经是 unicode 编码的 'string' 字符串
而 unicode('string') 是 即将要把 'string' 转化为 unicode 编码（但在执行这条语句之前，还不一定是unicode编码）
文件开始，是整体中的字符编码。一般使用 #coding:utf-8 最好还是使用utf-8
public class Factorial {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入一个整数：");
Integer number = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.println("您输入的整数为：" + number + "正在为您计算阶乘。。。");
Integer integer=caluater(number);
System.out.println("您输入的整数为：" + number + "阶乘为:"+integer);
}
private static Integer caluater(Integer number) {
int i = 1;
Integer sum = 0;
if(i==number){//等于1的时候跳出循环
return 1;
}else {
sum = number * caluater(number - 1);//递归调用
return sum;
}
}
}
#SVM.py
from numpy import *
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# calulate kernel value
def calcKernelValue(matrix_x, sample_x, kernelOption):
kernelType = kernelOption[0]
numSamples = matrix_x.shape[0]
kernelValue = mat(zeros((numSamples, 1)))
if kernelType == 'linear':
kernelValue = matrix_x * sample_x.T
elif kernelType == 'rbf':
sigma = kernelOption[1]
if sigma == 0:
sigma = 1.0
for i in xrange(numSamples):
diff = matrix_x[i, :] - sample_x
kernelValue[i] = exp(diff * diff.T / (-2.0 * sigma**2))
else:
raise NameError('Not support kernel type! You can use linear or rbf!')
return kernelValue
# calculate kernel matrix given train set and kernel type
def calcKernelMatrix(train_x, kernelOption):
numSamples = train_x.shape[0]
kernelMatrix = mat(zeros((numSamples, numSamples)))
for i in xrange(numSamples):
kernelMatrix[:, i] = calcKernelValue(train_x, train_x[i, :], kernelOption)
return kernelMatrix
# define a struct just for storing variables and data
class SVMStruct:
def __init__(self, dataSet, labels, C, toler, kernelOption):
self.train_x = dataSet # each row stands for a sample
self.train_y = labels # corresponding label
self.C = C # slack variable
self.toler = toler # termination condition for iteration
self.numSamples = dataSet.shape[0] # number of samples
self.alphas = mat(zeros((self.numSamples, 1))) # Lagrange factors for all samples
self.b = 0
self.errorCache = mat(zeros((self.numSamples, 2)))
self.kernelOpt = kernelOption
self.kernelMat = calcKernelMatrix(self.train_x, self.kernelOpt)
# calculate the error for alpha k
def calcError(svm, alpha_k):
output_k = float(multiply(svm.alphas, svm.train_y).T * svm.kernelMat[:, alpha_k] + svm.b)
error_k = output_k - float(svm.train_y[alpha_k])
return error_k
# update the error cache for alpha k after optimize alpha k
def updateError(svm, alpha_k):
error = calcError(svm, alpha_k)
svm.errorCache[alpha_k] = [1, error]
# select alpha j which has the biggest step
def selectAlpha_j(svm, alpha_i, error_i):
svm.errorCache[alpha_i] = [1, error_i] # mark as valid(has been optimized)
candidateAlphaList = nonzero(svm.errorCache[:, 0].A)[0] # mat.A return array
maxStep = 0; alpha_j = 0; error_j = 0
# find the alpha with max iterative step
if len(candidateAlphaList) 1:
for alpha_k in candidateAlphaList:
if alpha_k == alpha_i:
continue
error_k = calcError(svm, alpha_k)
if abs(error_k - error_i) maxStep:
maxStep = abs(error_k - error_i)
alpha_j = alpha_k
error_j = error_k
# if came in this loop first time, we select alpha j randomly
else:
alpha_j = alpha_i
while alpha_j == alpha_i:
alpha_j = int(random.uniform(0, svm.numSamples))
error_j = calcError(svm, alpha_j)
return alpha_j, error_j
# the inner loop for optimizing alpha i and alpha j
def innerLoop(svm, alpha_i):
error_i = calcError(svm, alpha_i)
### check and pick up the alpha who violates the KKT condition
## satisfy KKT condition
# 1) yi*f(i) = 1 and alpha == 0 (outside the boundary)
# 2) yi*f(i) == 1 and 0alpha C (on the boundary)
# 3) yi*f(i) = 1 and alpha == C (between the boundary)
## violate KKT condition
# because y[i]*E_i = y[i]*f(i) - y[i]^2 = y[i]*f(i) - 1, so
# 1) if y[i]*E_i 0, so yi*f(i) 1, if alpha C, violate!(alpha = C will be correct)
# 2) if y[i]*E_i 0, so yi*f(i) 1, if alpha 0, violate!(alpha = 0 will be correct)
# 3) if y[i]*E_i = 0, so yi*f(i) = 1, it is on the boundary, needless optimized
if (svm.train_y[alpha_i] * error_i -svm.toler) and (svm.alphas[alpha_i] svm.C) or\
(svm.train_y[alpha_i] * error_i svm.toler) and (svm.alphas[alpha_i] 0):
# step 1: select alpha j
alpha_j, error_j = selectAlpha_j(svm, alpha_i, error_i)
alpha_i_old = svm.alphas[alpha_i].copy()
alpha_j_old = svm.alphas[alpha_j].copy()
# step 2: calculate the boundary L and H for alpha j
if svm.train_y[alpha_i] != svm.train_y[alpha_j]:
L = max(0, svm.alphas[alpha_j] - svm.alphas[alpha_i])
H = min(svm.C, svm.C + svm.alphas[alpha_j] - svm.alphas[alpha_i])
else:
L = max(0, svm.alphas[alpha_j] + svm.alphas[alpha_i] - svm.C)
H = min(svm.C, svm.alphas[alpha_j] + svm.alphas[alpha_i])
if L == H:
return 0
# step 3: calculate eta (the similarity of sample i and j)
eta = 2.0 * svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_j] - svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_i] \
- svm.kernelMat[alpha_j, alpha_j]
if eta = 0:
return 0
# step 4: update alpha j
svm.alphas[alpha_j] -= svm.train_y[alpha_j] * (error_i - error_j) / eta
# step 5: clip alpha j
if svm.alphas[alpha_j] H:
svm.alphas[alpha_j] = H
if svm.alphas[alpha_j] L:
svm.alphas[alpha_j] = L
# step 6: if alpha j not moving enough, just return
if abs(alpha_j_old - svm.alphas[alpha_j]) 0.00001:
updateError(svm, alpha_j)
return 0
# step 7: update alpha i after optimizing aipha j
svm.alphas[alpha_i] += svm.train_y[alpha_i] * svm.train_y[alpha_j] \
* (alpha_j_old - svm.alphas[alpha_j])
# step 8: update threshold b
b1 = svm.b - error_i - svm.train_y[alpha_i] * (svm.alphas[alpha_i] - alpha_i_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_i] \
- svm.train_y[alpha_j] * (svm.alphas[alpha_j] - alpha_j_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_j]
b2 = svm.b - error_j - svm.train_y[alpha_i] * (svm.alphas[alpha_i] - alpha_i_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_j] \
- svm.train_y[alpha_j] * (svm.alphas[alpha_j] - alpha_j_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_j, alpha_j]
if (0 svm.alphas[alpha_i]) and (svm.alphas[alpha_i] svm.C):
svm.b = b1
elif (0 svm.alphas[alpha_j]) and (svm.alphas[alpha_j] svm.C):
svm.b = b2
else:
svm.b = (b1 + b2) / 2.0
# step 9: update error cache for alpha i, j after optimize alpha i, j and b
updateError(svm, alpha_j)
updateError(svm, alpha_i)
return 1
else:
return 0
# the main training procedure
def trainSVM(train_x, train_y, C, toler, maxIter, kernelOption = ('rbf', 1.0)):
# calculate training time
startTime = time.time()
# init data struct for svm
svm = SVMStruct(mat(train_x), mat(train_y), C, toler, kernelOption)
# start training
entireSet = True
alphaPairsChanged = 0
iterCount = 0
# Iteration termination condition:
# Condition 1: reach max iteration
# Condition 2: no alpha changed after going through all samples,
# in other words, all alpha (samples) fit KKT condition
while (iterCount maxIter) and ((alphaPairsChanged 0) or entireSet):
alphaPairsChanged = 0
# update alphas over all training examples
if entireSet:
for i in xrange(svm.numSamples):
alphaPairsChanged += innerLoop(svm, i)
print '---iter:%d entire set, alpha pairs changed:%d' % (iterCount, alphaPairsChanged)
iterCount += 1
# update alphas over examples where alpha is not 0 not C (not on boundary)
else:
nonBoundAlphasList = nonzero((svm.alphas.A 0) * (svm.alphas.A svm.C))[0]
for i in nonBoundAlphasList:
alphaPairsChanged += innerLoop(svm, i)
print '---iter:%d non boundary, alpha pairs changed:%d' % (iterCount, alphaPairsChanged)
iterCount += 1
# alternate loop over all examples and non-boundary examples
if entireSet:
entireSet = False
elif alphaPairsChanged == 0:
entireSet = True
print 'Congratulations, training complete! Took %fs!' % (time.time() - startTime)
return svm
# testing your trained svm model given test set
def testSVM(svm, test_x, test_y):
test_x = mat(test_x)
test_y = mat(test_y)
numTestSamples = test_x.shape[0]
supportVectorsIndex = nonzero(svm.alphas.A 0)[0]
supportVectors = svm.train_x[supportVectorsIndex]
supportVectorLabels = svm.train_y[supportVectorsIndex]
supportVectorAlphas = svm.alphas[supportVectorsIndex]
matchCount = 0
for i in xrange(numTestSamples):
kernelValue = calcKernelValue(supportVectors, test_x[i, :], svm.kernelOpt)
predict = kernelValue.T * multiply(supportVectorLabels, supportVectorAlphas) + svm.b
if sign(predict) == sign(test_y[i]):
matchCount += 1
accuracy = float(matchCount) / numTestSamples
return accuracy
# show your trained svm model only available with 2-D data
def showSVM(svm):
if svm.train_x.shape[1] != 2:
print "Sorry! I can not draw because the dimension of your data is not 2!"
return 1
# draw all samples
for i in xrange(svm.numSamples):
if svm.train_y[i] == -1:
plt.plot(svm.train_x[i, 0], svm.train_x[i, 1], 'or')
elif svm.train_y[i] == 1:
plt.plot(svm.train_x[i, 0], svm.train_x[i, 1], 'ob')
# mark support vectors
supportVectorsIndex = nonzero(svm.alphas.A 0)[0]
for i in supportVectorsIndex:
plt.plot(svm.train_x[i, 0], svm.train_x[i, 1], 'oy')
# draw the classify line
w = zeros((2, 1))
for i in supportVectorsIndex:
w += multiply(svm.alphas[i] * svm.train_y[i], svm.train_x[i, :].T)
min_x = min(svm.train_x[:, 0])[0, 0]
max_x = max(svm.train_x[:, 0])[0, 0]
y_min_x = float(-svm.b - w[0] * min_x) / w[1]
y_max_x = float(-svm.b - w[0] * max_x) / w[1]
plt.plot([min_x, max_x], [y_min_x, y_max_x], '-g')
plt.show()
#test_SVM.py
from numpy import *
import SVM
## step 1: load data
print "step 1: load data..."
dataSet = []
labels = []
fileIn = open('E:/Python/Machine Learning in Action/testSet.txt')
for line in fileIn.readlines():
lineArr = line.strip().split('\t')
dataSet.append([float(lineArr[0]), float(lineArr[1])])
labels.append(float(lineArr[2]))
dataSet = mat(dataSet)
labels = mat(labels).T
train_x = dataSet[0:81, :]
train_y = labels[0:81, :]
test_x = dataSet[80:101, :]
test_y = labels[80:101, :]
## step 2: training...
print "step 2: training..."
C = 0.6
toler = 0.001
maxIter = 50
svmClassifier = SVM.trainSVM(train_x, train_y, C, toler, maxIter, kernelOption = ('linear', 0))
## step 3: testing
print "step 3: testing..."
accuracy = SVM.testSVM(svmClassifier, test_x, test_y)
## step 4: show the result
print "step 4: show the result..."
print 'The classify accuracy is: %.3f%%' % (accuracy * 100)
SVM.showSVM(svmClassifier)
可以去下面的网址，有详细讲解。
参考资料：
#include stdio.h
#include ctype.h
int main(void)
{
char ch[100];
void count(char * p);
printf("请输入字符串 : ");
gets(ch);
count(ch);
return 0;
}
void count(char * p)
{
int upp=0, low=0, digi=0, spa=0, oth=0;
for (int i = 0; p[i]; ++i)
{
if (isupper(p[i]))
upp++;
else if (islower(p[i]))
low++;
else if (isspace(p[i]))
spa++;
else if (isdigit(p[i]))
digi++;
else
oth++;
}
printf("大写 = %d\n小写 = %d\n空格 = %d\n数字 = %d\n其他 = %d\n", upp, low, digi, spa, oth);
}