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Net
Configuration
Assistant（oracle网络配置助手），配置本地网络服务名，从而实现连接oracle数据库
工具/原料
plsql
win
8
方法/步骤
按Windows徽标键，进入开始界面，找到Net
Configuration
Assistant，单击运行之
进入Oracle
Net
Configuration
Assistant配置向导，勾选本地网络服务名配置，单击下一步；
在网络服务名配置中，勾选添加，单击下一步
输入服务名：dbname（oracle数据库的服务名通常是全局数据库名，即输入创建的数据库名称）
选择访问数据库的协议：TCP，单击下一步；
输入数据库所在的计算机主机名：dream(也可以输入主机IP地址)，勾选使用标准端口1521，单击下一步
测试，进行连接数据库的测试，勾选是，进行测试，单击下一步，
选择更改登录，输入数据库的用户名、口令，单击确定，显示正在连接，测试成功
配置网络服务名，单击下一步；
是否配置另一个网络服务名，勾选否，单击下一步，显示网络服务名配置完毕，单击下一步，单击完成
7
运行plsql，输入用户名、口令，选择数据库，连接
1.用户有哪些表空间概念错了,只能看用户用了哪些user_tablespaces视图就可以
select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces;
2.变量填自己的
select owner,table_name from dba_tables where tablespace_name='SYSTEM';
select tablespace_name from dba_tables where table_name='EMP';
学习时整理的 Oracle 1、set linesize 100; 设置长度
2、set pagesize 30; 设置每页显示数目
3、em a.sql 打开记事本
4、@ a 执行文件a中的代码，可指定文件的路径 @d:a.txt
5、conn 用户名/密码 根据用户名和密码连接数据库 如果连接超级管理员(sys) 则应加上as sysdba;
6、show user; 显示当前连接的用户
7、select * from tab; 得到当前用户下的所有表
8、desc temp; 查看表结构
9、/ 继续执行上一个查询语句
clear scr; 清屏字符函数
10、select upper('coolszy') from dual; 将小写字母转换成大写，dual 为一虚表
11、select lower('KUKA') from dual; 将大写字母转换成小写
12、select initcap('kuka') from dual; 将首字母大写
13、select concat('Hello',' world') from dual; 连接字符串，但没有||好用select concat('Hello','world') from dual;
14、select substr('hello',1,3) from dual; 截取字符串
15、select length('hello') from dual; 求字符串长度
16、select replace('hello','l','x') from dual; 替换字符串
17、select substr('hello',-3,3) from dual; 截取后三位数值函数
18、select round(789.536) from dual; 四舍五入，舍去小数
19、select round(789.536,2) from dual; 保留两位小数
20、select round(789.536,-1) from dual; 对整数进行四舍五入
21、select trunc(789.536) from dual; 舍去小数，但不进位
22、select trunc(789.536,2) from dual;
23、select trunc(789.536,-2) from dual;
24、select mod(10,3) from dual; 返回10%3的结果日期函数
25、select sysdate from dual; 返回当前日期
26、select months_between(sysdate,'16-6月 -08') from dual; 返回之间的月数
27、select add_months(sysdate,4) from dual; 在日期上加上月数
28、select next_day(sysdate,'星期一') from dual; 求下一个星期一
29、select last_day(sysdate) from dual; 求本月的最后一天
转换函数
30、select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') year,to_char(sysdate,'mm'),to_char(sysdate,'dd') from dual;
31、select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd') from dual;
32、select to_char(sysdate,'fmyyyy-mm-dd') from dual; 取消月 日 前面的0
33、select to_char('20394','99,999') from dual; 分割钱 9表示格式
34、select to_char('2034','L99,999') from dual; 加上钱币符号
35、select to_number('123')*to_number('2') from dual;
36、select to_date('1988-07-04','yyyy-mm-dd') from dual; 通用函数
37、select nvl(null,0) from dual; 如果为null，则用0代替
38、select decode(1,1,'内容是1',2,'内容是2',3,'内容是3') from dual; 类似于 switch...case...事务处理
39、commit; 提交事务
40、rollback; 回滚事务
41、select rownum from table; 在没一列前面显示行号
42、drop table 表名 cascade constraint
on delete casecade 当父表中的内容被删除后，子表中的内容也被删除43、desc表名 显示表的结构
44、create user [username] identified by [password] 创建新的用户
45、grant 权限1、权限2...to 用户 给创建用户权限
ex:grant create session to [username] 此时只能连接到数据库
grant connect,resource to [username] 此时权限能满足要求
46、alter user [username] identified by [password] 修改用户密码
47、alter user [username] password expired 下次登录时提示修改密码
48、alter user [username] account lock 锁住用户
49、alter user [username] account unlock 解锁锁用户
50、grant select,delete on scott.emp to [username] 把scott下emp表的两个权限给用户
51、revoke select ,delete on scott.emo from [username] 回收权限
测试能否用sqlplus连接上：
原理：
使用sqlplus登陆命令格式如：sqlplus 用户名/密码@全局数据库实例名 as 权限(NORMAL，SYSDBA，SYSOPER)进入到oracle安装目录的bin目录下，执行如下代码，查看能否连接：
使用sys用户登陆：
使用sqlplus.exe "/as sysdba" 登陆：
使用system用户登陆：
测试成功。
测试成功之后，通过浏览器访问EM控制台看是否能够进入,路径：
用SYS用户登录
若能进入该界面则表示成功：
oracle创建表空间，后面数据文件存储有两种方式
1、采用OMF，omf方式就是oracle自己来管理的文件。可以省略路径。省略不代表没有。所以省略掉的路径是跟OMF设置相关的
2、就是你写的这种。明确指定路径。这个路径随便你怎么定，在规则上，你放哪都行，但是在业务及oracle安装规则中。则最好统一集中放在某个路径下。
本文转自：51Testing软件测试网。（）
第一章：日志管理
1.forcing log switches
sql alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
sql alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
sql alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
sql alter database add logfile member
sql '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
6.drop online redo log groups
sql alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
sql alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
8.clearing online redo log files
sql alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
c. sql execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',
sql dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',
sql dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename='c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
f. sql select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
第二章：表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,
sql 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2.locally managed tablespace
sql create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'
sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
sql create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'
sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
sql alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
sql alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
sql drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
sql alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
11.moving data files:alter database
sql alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
第三章：表
1.create a table
sql create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2.copy an existing table
sql create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3.create temporary table
sql create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
sql alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
7.move tablespace
sql alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
sql alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9.truncate a table
sql truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
sql drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
sql alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
sql alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
第四章：索引
1.creating function-based indexes
sql create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
sql create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*
100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
sql create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
sql create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
sql alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
sql alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
第五章：约束
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints while create a table
sql create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
sql alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
sql alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
第六章：LOAD数据
1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
sql alter session enable parallel dml;
sql insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql select * from emp_old;
3.using sql*loader
sql sqlldr scott/tiger \
sql control = ulcase6.ctl \
sql log = ulcase6.log direct=true
第七章：reorganizing data
1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
sqlalter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
sql DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list ='sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含
第八章：managing password security and resources
1.controlling account lock and password
sql alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
2.user_provided password function
sql function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
3.create a profile : password setting
sql create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sqlpassword_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql password_grace_time 5;
4.altering a profile
sql alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
5.drop a profile
sql drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
6.create a profile : resource limit
sql create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
7. view = resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles
8. enable resource limits
sql alter system set resource_limit=true;
第九章：Managing users
1.create a user: database authentication
sql create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2.change user quota on tablespace
sql alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
3.drop a user
sql drop user juncky [cascade];
4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas
第十章：managing privileges
1.system privileges: view = system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2.grant system privilege
sql grant create session,create table to managers;
sql grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4.password file members: view:= v$pwfile_users
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6.revoke system privilege
sql revoke create table from karen;
sql revoke create session from scott;
7.grant object privilege
sql grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8.display object privilege : view = dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9.revoke object privilege
sql revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10.audit record view := sys.aud$
11. protecting the audit trail
sql audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12.statement auditing
sql audit user;
13.privilege auditing
sql audit select any table by summit by access;
14.schema object auditing
sql audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15.view audit option : view= all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,
dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16.view audit result: view= dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,
dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
第十一章： manager role
1.create roles
sql create role sales_clerk;
sql create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql create role hr_manager identified externally;
2.modify role
sql alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql alter role hr_manager not identified;
3.assigning roles
sql grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4.establish default role
sql alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql alter user scott default role all;
sql alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql alter user scott default role none;
5.enable and disable roles
sql set role hr_clerk;
sql set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql set role all except sales_clerk;
sql set role none;
6.remove role from user
sql revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql revoke hr_manager from public;
7.remove role
sql drop role hr_manager;
8.display role information
view: =dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,
role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles
第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY
1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
shutdown immediate
cp files /backup/
startup
5.restore to a different location
connect system/manager as sysdba
startup mount
alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
alter database open;
6.recover syntax
--recover a mounted database
recover database;
recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
alter database recover database;
--recover an opened database
recover tablespace user_data;
recover datafile 2;
alter database recover datafile 2;
7.how to apply redo log files automatically
set autorecovery on
recover automatic datafile 4;
8.complete recovery:
--method 1(mounted databae)
copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf
startup mount
recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;
alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or
recover tablespace user_data;
alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or
alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
startup mount
alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;
alter database open
copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf
alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'
recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''
recover tablespace user_data;
alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
copy files /backup/
alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
shutdown abort
cp files
startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
alter database datafile 2 end backup;
9.clearing redo log file
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
10.redo log recovery
alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;
alter database drop logfile group 1;
alter database open;
or cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log
alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';