189 8069 5689
这篇文章将为大家详细讲解有关使用Django怎么实现支付宝付款和微信支付，文章内容质量较高，因此小编分享给大家做个参考，希望大家阅读完这篇文章后对相关知识有一定的了解。
目录结构如下：
1、models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
# Create your models here.
class BaseModel(models.Model):
"""
基础模型
"""
created_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name="创建时间")
updated_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="修改时间")
created_by = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="创建人ID")
updated_by = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="修改人ID")
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name='是否正常')
class Meta:
abstract = True
class Alipay(BaseModel):
"""
支付
"""
subject = models.CharField(max_length=256, verbose_name="订单标题")
out_trade_no = models.CharField(max_length=64, unique=True, verbose_name="唯一订单号")
trade_no = models.CharField(default="", max_length=64, verbose_name="支付宝系统中的交易流水号")
total_amount = models.DecimalField(max_digits=11, decimal_places=2, verbose_name="订单的资金总额")
return_url = models.CharField(max_length=500, verbose_name="支付完成同步跳转地址")
notify_url = models.CharField(max_length=500, verbose_name="支付完成异步通知rpc地址")
pay_time = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="支付时间")
pay_nos = ArrayField(models.CharField(max_length=100), default=[], verbose_name='同一订单的支付ID数组')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "阿里支付"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
ordering = ('-created_time',)
class Wxorder(BaseModel):
"""
订单
"""
body = models.CharField(max_length=256, verbose_name="商品描述")
out_trade_no = models.CharField(max_length=64, unique=True, verbose_name="订单号")
transaction_id = models.CharField(default="", max_length=64, verbose_name="微信支付订单号")
total_fee = models.BigIntegerField(verbose_name="订单的资金总额,单位为分")
product_id = models.CharField(max_length=16, verbose_name="商品ID")
notify_url = models.CharField(max_length=500, verbose_name="支付完成通知url")
pay_time = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="支付时间")
class Meta:
verbose_name = "微信订单"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
ordering = ('-created_time',)
class Wxpay(BaseModel):
"""
微信支付
"""
out_trade_no = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=64, verbose_name="订单号")
pay_no = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=64, unique=True, verbose_name="支付唯一订单号")
code_url = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=100, verbose_name="二维码地址")
nonce_str = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=32, verbose_name="随机字符串")
class Meta:
verbose_name = "微信支付"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
ordering = ('-created_time',)2、serializers.py：
from django.conf import settings from rest_framework import serializers from pay.models import Alipay, Wxpay class BaseSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): created_time = serializers.DateTimeField(format=settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, read_only=True) updated_time = serializers.DateTimeField(format=settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, read_only=True) is_active = serializers.BooleanField(read_only=True) class Meta: model = None class AlipaySerializer(BaseSerializer): """ 阿里支付序列化类 """ class Meta: model = Alipay fields = "__all__" class WxpaySerializer(BaseSerializer): """ 阿里支付序列化类 """ class Meta: model = Wxpay fields = "__all__"
3、views.py：
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
# Create your views here.
import time
import dicttoxml
from jsonrpc import jsonrpc_method
from rest_framework.decorators import list_route
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework_xml.parsers import XMLParser
from rest_framework_xml.renderers import XMLRenderer
from tokenauth.decorators import is_login
from pay import utils
from pay.weixin_pay import WeiXinPay, UnifiedOrderPay, OrderQuery
from pay.UUIDTools import UUIDTools
from pay.models import Alipay, Wxpay, Wxorder
from pay.serializers import AlipaySerializer, WxpaySerializer
from pay.utils import UnActiveModelMixin
from pay.alipay import AliPay
from PAY_SERVICE.settings.base import APPID, PRIVATE_KEY_PATH, \
ALI_PUB_KEY_PATH, ALIPAY_CALLBACK_URL, \
WXAPPID, WX_PAY_KEY, WX_MCH_ID, WXPAY_CALLBACK_URL
NOTIFY_URL = ALIPAY_CALLBACK_URL + 'api/v1.0/pay/alipay/notify/'
class AlipayViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Alipay.objects.filter(is_active=True)
serializer_class = AlipaySerializer
@list_route(methods=['post'])
def notify(self, request):
"""
处理支付宝的notify_url
:param request:
:return:
"""
processed_dict = {}
for k, v in request.data.items():
processed_dict[k] = v
app_id = processed_dict.get('app_id')
pay_no = processed_dict.get('out_trade_no')
trade_no = processed_dict.get('trade_no')
total_amount = processed_dict.get('total_amount')
pay_time = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.localtime())
alipay = Alipay.objects.filter(pay_nos__contains=[pay_no]).values().first()
if alipay is None:
return Response("failed")
if str(alipay.get('total_amount')) != str(total_amount):
return Response("failed")
if app_id != APPID:
return Response("failed")
if alipay.get('trade_no') != "":
return Response("failed")
sign = processed_dict.pop('sign', None)
ali_pay = AliPay(
appid=APPID,
app_notify_url=NOTIFY_URL,
app_private_key_path=PRIVATE_KEY_PATH,
alipay_public_key_path=ALI_PUB_KEY_PATH,
debug=True, # 默认False,
return_url=alipay.get('return_url')
)
is_verify = ali_pay.verify(processed_dict, sign)
if is_verify is True:
Alipay.objects.filter(pk=alipay.get('id')).update(pay_time=pay_time, trade_no=trade_no)
ret = utils.request_thrift('TradingManager', 'notify',
settings.TRADING_RPC_IP, int(settings.TRADING_RPC_PORT),
alipay.get('out_trade_no'), str(pay_time))
if ret == "success":
return Response("success")
class WxpayViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Wxpay.objects.filter(is_active=True)
serializer_class = WxpaySerializer
parser_classes = (XMLParser,)
renderer_classes = (XMLRenderer,)
@jsonrpc_method('pay.get_alipay_url')
def get_alipay_url(request, subject, out_trade_no, total_amount, return_url, notify_url, user_id):
recode = Alipay.objects.filter(out_trade_no=out_trade_no).values().first()
if recode is not None:
pay_no = UUIDTools.datetime_random()
alipay = Alipay.objects.get(pk=recode.get('id'))
alipay.pay_nos.append(pay_no)
alipay.save()
else:
pay_no = out_trade_no
Alipay.objects.create(subject=subject,
out_trade_no=out_trade_no,
total_amount=total_amount,
return_url=return_url,
notify_url=notify_url,
pay_nos=[pay_no],
created_by=user_id,
updated_by=user_id
)
ali_pay = AliPay(
appid=APPID,
app_notify_url=NOTIFY_URL,
app_private_key_path=PRIVATE_KEY_PATH,
alipay_public_key_path=ALI_PUB_KEY_PATH,
debug=True, # 默认False,
return_url=return_url
)
total_amount = "%.2f" % float(total_amount)
url = ali_pay.direct_pay(
subject=subject,
out_trade_no=pay_no,
total_amount=total_amount
)
# 沙箱环境网关
# alipay_url = "https://openapi.alipaydev.com/gateway.do?{data}".format(data=url)
# 正式环境网关
alipay_url = "https://openapi.alipay.com/gateway.do?{data}".format(data=url)
return alipay_url
@jsonrpc_method('pay.get_wxpay_url')
def get_wxpay_url(request, out_trade_no, body, total_fee, notify_url, product_id, user_id):
recode = Wxorder.objects.filter(out_trade_no=out_trade_no).values().first()
if recode is None:
Wxorder.objects.create(
out_trade_no=out_trade_no,
body=body,
total_fee=total_fee,
notify_url=notify_url,
product_id=product_id,
created_by=user_id,
updated_by=user_id
)
pay_no = UUIDTools.datetime_random()
pay = UnifiedOrderPay(WXAPPID, WX_MCH_ID, WX_PAY_KEY)
response = pay.post(body, pay_no, total_fee,
WXPAY_CALLBACK_URL.split('://')[1].split(':')[0], WX_NOTIFY_URL)
if response and response["return_code"] == "SUCCESS" and response["result_code"] == "SUCCESS":
wxorder = Wxorder.objects.filter(out_trade_no=out_trade_no).values().first()
Wxpay.objects.create(
out_trade_no=out_trade_no,
pay_no=pay_no,
code_url=response.get('code_url'),
nonce_str=response.get('nonce_str'),
created_by=user_id,
updated_by=user_id
)
return response.get('code_url')
@jsonrpc_method('pay.wx_order_query')
def wx_order_query(request, out_trade_no):
wxpays = Wxpay.objects.filter(out_trade_no=out_trade_no).values()
pay = OrderQuery(WXAPPID, WX_MCH_ID, WX_PAY_KEY)
for wxpay in wxpays:
response = pay.post(wxpay.get('pay_no'))
if response and response["return_code"] == "SUCCESS" \
and response["result_code"] == "SUCCESS":
trade_state = response["trade_state"]
if trade_state == "SUCCESS": # 支付成功
pay_time = response["time_end"]
transaction_id = response["transaction_id"]
Wxorder.objects.filter(out_trade_no=out_trade_no).update(
pay_time=time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
time.strptime(pay_time, "%Y%m%d%H%M%S")),
transaction_id=transaction_id
)
return {"success": True, "pay_time": pay_time}
return {"success": False}4、alipay.py：
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# pip install pycryptodome
from datetime import datetime
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
from Crypto.Signature import PKCS1_v1_5
from Crypto.Hash import SHA256
from base64 import b64encode, b64decode
from urllib.parse import quote_plus
from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
from urllib.request import urlopen
from base64 import decodebytes, encodebytes
import json
class AliPay(object):
"""
支付宝支付接口
"""
def __init__(self, appid, app_notify_url, app_private_key_path,
alipay_public_key_path, return_url, debug=False):
self.appid = appid
self.app_notify_url = app_notify_url
self.app_private_key_path = app_private_key_path
self.app_private_key = None
self.return_url = return_url
with open(self.app_private_key_path) as fp:
self.app_private_key = RSA.importKey(fp.read())
self.alipay_public_key_path = alipay_public_key_path
with open(self.alipay_public_key_path) as fp:
self.alipay_public_key = RSA.import_key(fp.read())
if debug is True:
self.__gateway = "https://openapi.alipaydev.com/gateway.do"
else:
self.__gateway = "https://openapi.alipay.com/gateway.do"
def direct_pay(self, subject, out_trade_no, total_amount, return_url=None, **kwargs):
biz_content = {
"subject": subject,
"out_trade_no": out_trade_no,
"total_amount": total_amount,
"product_code": "FAST_INSTANT_TRADE_PAY",
# "qr_pay_mode":4
}
biz_content.update(kwargs)
data = self.build_body("alipay.trade.page.pay", biz_content, self.return_url)
return self.sign_data(data)
def build_body(self, method, biz_content, return_url=None):
data = {
"app_id": self.appid,
"method": method,
"charset": "utf-8",
"sign_type": "RSA2",
"timestamp": datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
"version": "1.0",
"biz_content": biz_content
}
if return_url is not None:
data["notify_url"] = self.app_notify_url
data["return_url"] = self.return_url
return data
def sign_data(self, data):
data.pop("sign", None)
# 排序后的字符串
unsigned_items = self.ordered_data(data)
unsigned_string = "&".join("{0}={1}".format(k, v) for k, v in unsigned_items)
sign = self.sign(unsigned_string.encode("utf-8"))
ordered_items = self.ordered_data(data)
quoted_string = "&".join("{0}={1}".format(k, quote_plus(v)) for k, v in ordered_items)
# 获得最终的订单信息字符串
signed_string = quoted_string + "&sign=" + quote_plus(sign)
return signed_string
def ordered_data(self, data):
complex_keys = []
for key, value in data.items():
if isinstance(value, dict):
complex_keys.append(key)
# 将字典类型的数据dump出来
for key in complex_keys:
data[key] = json.dumps(data[key], separators=(',', ':'))
return sorted([(k, v) for k, v in data.items()])
def sign(self, unsigned_string):
# 开始计算签名
key = self.app_private_key
signer = PKCS1_v1_5.new(key)
signature = signer.sign(SHA256.new(unsigned_string))
# base64 编码，转换为unicode表示并移除回车
sign = encodebytes(signature).decode("utf8").replace("\n", "")
return sign
def _verify(self, raw_content, signature):
# 开始计算签名
key = self.alipay_public_key
signer = PKCS1_v1_5.new(key)
digest = SHA256.new()
digest.update(raw_content.encode("utf8"))
if signer.verify(digest, decodebytes(signature.encode("utf8"))):
return True
return False
def verify(self, data, signature):
if "sign_type" in data:
sign_type = data.pop("sign_type")
# 排序后的字符串
unsigned_items = self.ordered_data(data)
message = "&".join(u"{}={}".format(k, v) for k, v in unsigned_items)
return self._verify(message, signature)
if __name__ == "__main__":
alipay = AliPay(
appid="2016081500252338",
app_notify_url="http://projectsedus.com/",
app_private_key_path="keys/private_2048.txt",
alipay_public_key_path="keys/alipay_key_2048.txt", # 支付宝的公钥，验证支付宝回传消息使用，不是你自己的公钥,
debug=True, # 默认False,
return_url="http://192.168.247.129:8000/"
)
url = alipay.direct_pay(
subject="测试订单",
out_trade_no="20170202126666",
total_amount=1000
)
re_url = "https://openapi.alipaydev.com/gateway.do?{data}".format(data=url)
print(re_url)5、wxpay.py：
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
import time
import json
import hashlib
import requests
from pay.utils import (smart_str, dict_to_xml, calculate_sign, random_str,
post_xml, xml_to_dict, validate_post_xml, format_url)
# from local_settings import appid, mch_id, api_key
OAUTH2_AUTHORIZE_URL = "https://open.weixin.qq.com/connect/oauth3/authorize?%s"
OAUTH2_ACCESS_TOKEN_URL = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth3/access_token?%s"
class WeiXinPay(object):
def __init__(self, appid, mch_id, api_key):
self.appid = appid # 微信公众号身份的唯一标识。审核通过后，在微信发送的邮件中查看
self.mch_id = mch_id # 受理商ID，身份标识
self.api_key = api_key # 商户支付密钥Key。审核通过后，在微信发送的邮件中查看
self.common_params = {
"appid": self.appid,
"mch_id": self.mch_id,
}
self.params = {}
self.url = ""
self.trade_type = ""
def set_params(self, **kwargs):
self.params = {}
for (k, v) in kwargs.items():
self.params[k] = smart_str(v)
self.params["nonce_str"] = random_str(32)
if self.trade_type:
self.params["trade_type"] = self.trade_type
self.params.update(self.common_params)
def post_xml(self):
sign = calculate_sign(self.params, self.api_key)
xml = dict_to_xml(self.params, sign)
response = post_xml(self.url, xml)
return xml_to_dict(response.text)
def valiate_xml(self, xml):
return validate_post_xml(xml, self.appid, self.mch_id, self.api_key)
def get_error_code_desc(self, error_code):
error_desc = {
"SYSTEMERROR": u"接口后台错误",
"INVALID_TRANSACTIONID": u"无效 transaction_id",
"PARAM_ERROR": u"提交参数错误",
"ORDERPAID": u"订单已支付",
"OUT_TRADE_NO_USED": u"商户订单号重复",
"NOAUTH": u"商户无权限",
"NOTENOUGH": u"余额丌足",
"NOTSUPORTCARD": u"不支持卡类型",
"ORDERCLOSED": u"订单已关闭",
"BANKERROR": u"银行系统异常",
"REFUND_FEE_INVALID": u"退款金额大亍支付金额",
"ORDERNOTEXIST": u"订单不存在",
}
return error_desc.get(error_code.strip().upper(), u"未知错误")
class UnifiedOrderPay(WeiXinPay):
"""发送预支付单"""
def __init__(self, appid, mch_id, api_key):
super(UnifiedOrderPay, self).__init__(appid, mch_id, api_key)
self.url = "https://api.mch.weixin.qq.com/pay/unifiedorder"
self.trade_type = "NATIVE"
def post(self, body, out_trade_no, total_fee, spbill_create_ip, notify_url, **kwargs):
tmp_kwargs = {
"body": body,
"out_trade_no": out_trade_no,
"total_fee": total_fee,
"spbill_create_ip": spbill_create_ip,
"notify_url": notify_url,
}
tmp_kwargs.update(**kwargs)
self.set_params(**tmp_kwargs)
return self.post_xml()[1]
class OrderQuery(WeiXinPay):
"""订单状态查询"""
def __init__(self, appid, mch_id, api_key):
super(OrderQuery, self).__init__(appid, mch_id, api_key)
self.url = "https://api.mch.weixin.qq.com/pay/orderquery"
def post(self, out_trade_no):
self.set_params(out_trade_no=out_trade_no)
return self.post_xml()[1]
class JsAPIOrderPay(UnifiedOrderPay):
"""H5页面的Js调用类"""
def __init__(self, appid, mch_id, api_key, app_secret):
super(JsAPIOrderPay, self).__init__(appid, mch_id, api_key)
self.app_secret = app_secret
self.trade_type = "JSAPI"
def create_oauth_url_for_code(self, redirect_uri):
url_params = {
"appid": self.appid,
"redirect_uri": redirect_uri, # 一般是回调当前页面
"response_type": "code",
"scope": "snsapi_base",
"state": "STATE#wechat_redirect"
}
url = format_url(url_params)
return OAUTH2_AUTHORIZE_URL % url
def _create_oauth_url_for_openid(self, code):
url_params = {
"appid": self.appid,
"secret": self.app_secret,
"code": code,
"grant_type": "authorization_code",
}
url = format_url(url_params)
return OAUTH2_ACCESS_TOKEN_URL % url
def _get_oauth_info(self, code):
"""
获取OAuth3的信息：access_token、expires_in、refresh_token、openid、scope
返回结果为字典，可使用["xxx"]或.get("xxx", None)的方式进行读取
"""
url = self._create_oauth_url_for_openid(code)
response = requests.get(url)
return response.json() if response else None
def _get_openid(self, code):
oauth_info = self._get_oauth_info(code)
if oauth_info:
return oauth_info.get("openid", None)
return None
def _get_json_js_api_params(self, prepay_id):
js_params = {
"appId": self.appid,
"timeStamp": "%d" % time.time(),
"nonceStr": random_str(32),
"package": "prepay_id=%s" % prepay_id,
"signType": "MD5",
}
js_params["paySign"] = calculate_sign(js_params, self.api_key)
return js_params
def post(self, body, out_trade_no, total_fee, spbill_create_ip, notify_url, code):
if code:
open_id = self._get_openid(code)
if open_id:
# 直接调用基类的post方法查询prepay_id，如果成功，返回一个字典
unified_order = super(JsAPIOrderPay, self).post(body, out_trade_no, total_fee, spbill_create_ip,
notify_url, open_id=open_id)
if unified_order:
prepay_id = unified_order.get("prepay_id", None)
if prepay_id:
return self._get_json_js_api_params(prepay_id)
return None6、utils.py：
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
import hashlib
import re
import types
from random import Random
import requests
import thriftpy
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
from django.db import models
from django.db.models.fields.reverse_related import ForeignObjectRel
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
from thriftpy.rpc import make_client
from pay.exception_handler import ForeignObjectRelDeleteError, ModelDontHaveIsActiveFiled, logger
def smart_str(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
"""
Returns a bytestring version of 's', encoded as specified in 'encoding'.
If strings_only is True, don't convert (some) non-string-like objects.
"""
if strings_only and isinstance(s, (types.NoneType, int)):
return s
if not isinstance(s, str):
try:
return str(s)
except UnicodeEncodeError:
if isinstance(s, Exception):
# An Exception subclass containing non-ASCII data that doesn't
# know how to print itself properly. We shouldn't raise a
# further exception.
return ' '.join([smart_str(arg, encoding, strings_only,
errors) for arg in s])
return unicode(s).encode(encoding, errors)
elif s and encoding != 'utf-8':
return s.decode('utf-8', errors).encode(encoding, errors)
else:
return s
def format_url(params, api_key=None):
url = "&".join(['%s=%s' % (key, smart_str(params[key])) for key in sorted(params)])
if api_key:
url = '%s&key=%s' % (url, api_key)
return url
def calculate_sign(params, api_key):
# 签名步骤一：按字典序排序参数, 在string后加入KEY
url = format_url(params, api_key)
# 签名步骤二：MD5加密, 所有字符转为大写
return hashlib.md5(url.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest().upper()
def dict_to_xml(params, sign):
xml = ["", ]
for (k, v) in params.items():
if (v.isdigit()):
xml.append('<%s>%s' % (k, v, k))
else:
xml.append('<%s>' % (k, v, k))
xml.append(' ' % sign)
return ''.join(xml)
def xml_to_dict(xml):
if xml[0:5].upper() != "" and xml[-6].upper() != " ":
return None, None
result = {}
sign = None
content = ''.join(xml[5:-6].strip().split('\n'))
pattern = re.compile(r"<(?P.+)>(?P.+)")
m = pattern.match(content)
while (m):
key = m.group("key").strip()
value = m.group("value").strip()
if value != "":
pattern_inner = re.compile(r".+)\]\]>")
inner_m = pattern_inner.match(value)
if inner_m:
value = inner_m.group("inner_val").strip()
if key == "sign":
sign = value
else:
result[key] = value
next_index = m.end("value") + len(key) + 3
if next_index >= len(content):
break
content = content[next_index:]
m = pattern.match(content)
return sign, result
def validate_post_xml(xml, appid, mch_id, api_key):
sign, params = xml_to_dict(xml)
if (not sign) or (not params):
return None
remote_sign = calculate_sign(params, api_key)
if sign != remote_sign:
return None
if params["appid"] != appid or params["mch_id"] != mch_id:
return None
return params
def random_str(randomlength=8):
chars = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'
random = Random()
return "".join([chars[random.randint(0, len(chars) - 1)] for i in range(randomlength)])
def post_xml(url, xml):
return requests.post(url, data=xml.encode('utf-8'), verify=False)
class UnActiveModelMixin(object):
"""
删除一个对象，并不真删除，级联将对应外键对象的is_active设置为false，需要外键对象都有is_active字段.
"""
def perform_destroy(self, instance):
rel_fileds = [f for f in instance._meta.get_fields() if isinstance(f, ForeignObjectRel)]
links = [f.get_accessor_name() for f in rel_fileds]
for link in links:
manager = getattr(instance, link, None)
if not manager:
continue
if isinstance(manager, models.Model):
if hasattr(manager, 'is_active') and manager.is_active:
manager.is_active = False
manager.save()
raise ForeignObjectRelDeleteError(u'{} 上有关联数据'.format(link))
else:
if not manager.count():
continue
try:
manager.model._meta.get_field('is_active')
manager.filter(is_active=True).update(is_active=False)
except FieldDoesNotExist as ex:
# 理论上，级联删除的model上面应该也有is_active字段，否则代码逻辑应该有问题
logger.warn(ex)
raise ModelDontHaveIsActiveFiled(
'{}.{} 没有is_active字段, 请检查程序逻辑'.format(
manager.model.__module__,
manager.model.__class__.__name__
))
instance.is_active = False
instance.save()
def get_queryset(self):
return self.queryset.filter(is_active=True)
class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
page_size_query_param = 'size' 关于使用Django怎么实现支付宝付款和微信支付就分享到这里了，希望以上内容可以对大家有一定的帮助，可以学到更多知识。如果觉得文章不错，可以把它分享出去让更多的人看到。